Brown Then Through the Lens of Norman Rockwell's "The Problem We All Live With" (1963)

Image taken from:  http://arthistory.about.com/od/famous_paintings/ss/The-Problem-We-All-Live-With-By-Norman-Rockwell.htm

Analysis of Symbols:

-Ruby (black) is wearing white-symbolizing integration and that she is innocent

-Ruby is young meaning that this is just the beginning of a long struggle                

-Crack in the wall refers to an issue that divided the nation

-Ruler in Ruby's hand represents law and order and the role of the Supreme Court         

-Racial slur represent a culture trying to keep dominance                             

-Tomato - symbolizing opposition of integration by white America thrown by angry mob

-Yellow on the arm bands represents cowardice of the mobs so security was needed    

-Marshalls rep the role of enforcement the federal government played, faceless- making the focus on Ruby--at the center, forced

For more complete analysis see "Then Two Pictures Are Worth Two Thousand Words" under Stacy's Pages

Brown Today Through the Lens of Hayden Arnold's "The Problem We Are Conquering" (2014)

Image is an original by Hayden Arnold, shared with permission

Analysis of Symbols:

               

-Suits of color-represents diversity

-Successful African American women on stars have benefited from desegregation--Oprah Winfrey, Beyonce, Condoleeza Rice, Michelle Obama                   

-In her hand is her commencement speech-representing graduation as an objective of equal education

-ACLU, NAACP, YWCA, Girl Scouts-groups that do not promote hate      

-Green on the arm bands represents the growth of our country on the issue of equality in education

-Rose on ground represent love and acceptance

-Faceless security-again the focus is on Ruby

-This time the school invited Ruby

-Wearing white-white is presence of all colors scientifically speaking so she is a product of all the court cases, movements, legislation combined

-Empty star suggests more work to be done

For more complete analysis see "Then Two Pictures Are Worth Two Thousand Words" under Stacy's Pages

Affirmative Action: A Spin-Off of Brown v Board

The legal system has had its hands full with affirmative action cases.  In 1978, the Supreme Court upheld affirmative action as a practice as long as race was not the determining factor in acceptance of applicants (Teaching Tolerance, 2004).  In 1996, a federal court ended the practice of affirmative action as a practice in accepting applicants in the states of Mississippi, Texas, and Louisiana but in 2003 the Supreme Court ruled that diversity is a legitimate reason to have affirmative action (Teaching Tolerance, 2004).  Then in a surprising verdict in March of this year the Supreme Court backed the University of Michigan's ban of affirmative action (Mears, 2014).  Finally, a federal court of appeals, after the Supreme Court kicked it back down to them because not enough scrutiny was used,  upheld University of Texas admission policy in a case where UT was being sued for using race as a practice (Wermund, 2014). 

Resources

Mears, B. (2014, April 23).  Michigan's ban on affirmative action upheld by Supreme Court.  CNN News.  Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/22/justice/scotus-michigan-affirmative-action/

National Constitutional Staff. (2013, June 24).  Affirmative action: Timeline of 10 major cases and orders.  Yahoo News. Retrieved from http://news.yahoo.com

Teaching Tolerance. (2004, Spring).  Brown v. Board: Timeline of school integration in the U.S..  Teaching Tolerance, 25.  Retrieved from http://www.tolerance.org

Wermund, B. (2014, July 30). Fisher asks appeals court to reconsider UT admissions case.  The Houston Chronicle.  Retrieved from http://www.chron.com



Image taken from: http://laloalcaraz.com/anti-affirmative-action-girl-editorial-cartoon-by-lalo-alcaraz-2003/aagirl

Image taken from: http://www.intoon.com/cartoons.cfm/id/3341

Image taken from: http://www.aaanet.org/press/an/infocus/affirmativeaction/0309_ibarra.htm

Image taken from:  http://nicholasstixuncensored.blogspot.com/2012/06/baloo-affirmative-action-translated.html

Ruby Bridges' View On Segregation

George Wallace's View On Segregation